Dordrecht, D. (1985). “Exponential Expansion: Galactic Destiny or Technological Hubris?”. Trong B. R. Finney, M. D. Papagiannis. The Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Recent Developments. Reidel Publ. Co. tr. 465–463.
Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4.[20]
Kardashev, Nikolai (tháng 3 năm 1997). “Cosmology and Civilizations”. Astrophysics and Space Science 252. Chú thích sử dụng tham số |month= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
Supercivilizations as Possible Products of the Progressive Evolution of Matter: also by Kardashev
Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation, by Freeman J. Dyson
The Radio Search For Intelligent Extraterrestral Life, by Frank Drake
Freitas Jr., Robert A. Energy and Culture (chapter 15).
